Frequently Asked Urologic Questions
Testicular Cancer
What is testicular cancer?
Testicular cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the testicles, the male reproductive glands located in the scrotum. It typically begins in germ cells, which are the cells that produce sperm.
Who is most at risk for testicular cancer?
Testicular cancer most commonly affects men between the ages of 15 and 35, but it can occur at any age. Risk factors include:
A family history of testicular cancer
Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism)
Personal history of testicular cancer
Certain genetic conditions
What are the symptoms of testicular cancer?
Common symptoms include:
A lump or swelling in one testicle
A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
Dull ache in the groin or lower abdomen
Pain or discomfort in the testicle or scrotum
In some cases, no symptoms at all
How is testicular cancer diagnosed?
Diagnosis typically involves:
Physical examination
Scrotal ultrasound to evaluate any lump or swelling
Blood tests for tumor markers (e.g., AFP, hCG, LDH)
Imaging studies (CT scan or MRI) to check for spread
If cancer is suspected, surgical removal of the testicle (orchiectomy) is often performed for confirmation
Is testicular cancer curable?
Yes. Testicular cancer is highly curable, especially when detected early. Even in cases where it has spread, treatment is often very successful.
What are the treatment options for testicular cancer?
Treatment depends on the type and stage of the cancer, but may include:
Surgical removal of the affected testicle (radical inguinal orchiectomy)
Radiation therapy (mainly for seminoma type)
Chemotherapy
Surveillance for low-risk, early-stage tumors
Will I still be able to have children after treatment?
Many men maintain fertility after treatment, but some treatments—especially chemotherapy—can affect sperm production. Sperm banking is recommended before treatment if future fertility is a concern.
Should I perform self-exams for testicular cancer?
Yes. Monthly testicular self-exams can help detect changes early. Men should feel for lumps, swelling, or changes in size or consistency, ideally after a warm shower when the scrotum is relaxed.
Can testicular cancer return after treatment?
Recurrence is possible, particularly within the first 2 years after treatment. Regular follow-up care, including blood tests and imaging, is essential for monitoring.
When should I see a doctor?
You should consult a urologist if you:
Discover a lump or swelling
Experience pain or discomfort in the testicle
Notice changes in testicle size or consistency